CIVIL LAW INSTITUTIONS BIERANOWSKI A. LEWANDOWSKA E. RED. Księgarnia

Civil law institutions

(general part and property law) according to Polish legal regulations

This monograph contains explanations regarding two parts of civil law: the general part and rights in rem. The fundamental tenet underpinning this publication is to present these issues in a structured and concise fashion. This monograph also incorporates specific issues, including references to views in legal science and judicature that are framed in the context of a comparative legal study. This highly specialized book in the English language responds to modern trends in legal dealings and may contribute to enabling international researchers to learn about Polish law. This book may also serve as an aid for people who are active in applying and interpreting civil law regulations.

List of abbreviations
About the authors
Preface

1. Introductory issues
Ewa Lewandowska Ph.D.

1.1. Civil law
1.2. Public law versus private law
1.3. Civil law taxonomy
1.4. Selected principles of civil law
1.5. Sources of civil law
1.6. Application of civil law

2. Civil law relationship
Ewa Lewandowska Ph.D.

2.1. Notion of civil law relationship
2.2. Objects of civil law relationships
2.3. Content of a civil law relationship (subjective right)

3. Subjects in civil law
Anna Kledyńska Ph.D.

3.1. Natural persons
3.1.1. Preliminary remarks
3.1.2. Legal capacity of natural persons
3.1.3. Declaration of death
3.1.4. Capacity of natural persons to perform legal acts
3.1.4.1. Full capacity to perform legal acts
3.1.4.2. Limited capacity to perform legal acts
3.1.4.3. Lack of capacity to perform legal acts
3.1.5. Place of residence of natural persons
3.2. Legal persons
3.2.1. Functions of legal persons
3.2.2. Establishment and cessation of legal persons
3.2.3. Types of legal persons
3.2.3.1. State legal persons
3.2.3.2. Municipal (local government) legal persons
3.2.3.3. Other legal persons
3.2.4. Legal capacity of legal persons
3.2.5. Capacity of legal persons to perform legal acts
3.2.6. Domicile of legal persons
3.3. Imperfect legal persons
3.4. Special types of subjects in civil law relationships
3.4.1. Commercial undertakings (entrepreneurs)
3.4.2. Consumers

4. Personal interests
Katarzyna Ciućkowska Ph.D.

4.1. Notion
4.2. Types
4.3. Personal interests of legal persons
4.4. Prerequisites for protection
4.5. Means of protection

5. Declaration of intent
Ewa Lewandowska Ph.D.

5.1. Essence of a declaration of intent
5.2. Form of a declaration of intent
5.2.1. Types of special forms
5.2.2. Required form
5.3. Interpretation of declarations of intent
5.4. Defects in a declaration of intent
5.4.1. Lack of consciousness or freedom (art. 82 k.c.)
5.4.2. Simulation (art. 83 k.c.)
5.4.3. Mistake (art. 84 k.c.)
5.4.4. Deceit (art. 86 k.c.)
5.4.5. Threat (art. 87 k.c.)

6. Legal acts
Professor of UWM, Adam Bieranowski, Ph.D. Hab.

6.1. Development of the concept of a legal act
6.2. Freedom to frame legal acts and their binding force
6.3. Notions of a legal act
6.4. Form of a legal act
6.4.1. Principle of the freedom to choose the form
6.4.2. Types of forms – reference
6.5. Types of legal acts
6.5.1. Unilateral legal acts, contracts and resolutions
6.5.2. Consensual and real legal acts
6.5.3. Legal acts of obligation, disposition and obligation and disposition
6.5.4. Causal and abstract (disjointed) legal acts
6.5.5. Paid and unpaid legal acts
6.5.6. Legal acts granting authority
6.5.7. Fiduciary legal acts
6.5.8. Legal acts between living parties and in the event of death
6.6. Content of a legal act
6.6.1. Content of a legal act versus the content of a legal relationship
6.6.2. Minimum content of a legal act
6.6.3. Distinguishing the components of a legal act for the purpose of specifying its legal effects
6.6.4. Condition
6.6.4.1. Notion of a condition and the permissibility of its stipulation
6.6.4.2. Types of conditions
6.6.4.3. State of pendency and materialization of a condition
6.6.5. Time limit
6.7. Defectiveness of a legal act
6.7.1. Notion of the defectiveness of a legal act
6.7.2. Invalidity (absolute)
6.7.3. Contestability
6.7.4. Suspended ineffectiveness
6.7.5. Relative ineffectiveness

7. Methods of executing contracts
Ewa Lewandowska Ph.D.

7.1. Offer and its acceptance
7.1.1. Essence of an offer
7.1.2. Bound by an offer
7.1.3. Acceptance of an offer and its effects
7.1.4. Offer in electronic form
7.2. Auction and tender
7.2.1. Essence of an auction and tender
7.2.2. Announcement of an auction or tender
7.2.3. Deposit
7.2.4. Claim for the annulment of an agreement
7.3. Negotiations

8. Representation
Anna Majer, M.A.

8.1. Notion and essence of representation
8.2. Institutions with a similar function
8.3. Sources of authorization
8.4. Prerequisites for the effectiveness of a representative’s action
8.5. Power-of-attorney
8.5.1. Giving a power-of-attorney versus the fundamental relationship
8.5.2. Types of powers-of-attorney and the form for granting one
8.5.3. False agent (falsus procurator)
8.5.4. Legal act executed with “oneself”
8.5.5. Expiration of a power-of-attorney
8.6. Commercial proxy

9. Limitation and fixed time limits
Anna Majer, M.A.

9.1. Antiquity
9.2. Prescription – notion and effect. Allegation of prescription
9.3. Prescription of vested claims against consumers
9.4. Run of prescription periods
9.4.1. Commencement of a prescription period
9.4.2. Calculation of prescription periods
9.4.3. Prescription of interest
9.5. Suspension and interruption of the run of a prescription period. Run following an interruption
9.5.1. Suspension of the run of a prescription period and the staying of its completion
9.5.2. Interruption of the run of a prescription period. Run following an interruption
9.6. Fixed time limits – notion, types and effects

10. Rights in rem – general remarks
Anna Majer, M.A.

10.1. Notion of rights in rem
10.2. Absolute and direct nature of subjective rights in rem
10.3. Principle of a closed list of rights in rem and the types thereof
10.4. Principles of openness and specific detail of rights in rem
10.5. Sources of rights in rem in an objective sense

11. Ownership
Anna Kledyńska Ph.D.

11.1. Content of the right of ownership
11.2. Boundaries to the right of ownership
11.3. Regulations concerning the rights of neighbors
11.3.1. Nuisance
11.3.2. Impermissible earthworks
11.3.3. Servitudes
11.3.4. Topical area concerning the usage of strips of land on a property line
11.3.5. Relations between neighbors concerning a property line
11.4. Acquisition and loss of ownership
11.4.1. Transfer of ownership
11.4.2. Disposal of personal property by an unauthorized person
11.4.3. Usucaption
11.4.4. Acquisition of ownership of an ownerless movable thing
11.4.5. Finding a thing
11.4.6. Acquisition of ownership of natural fruits
11.4.7. Combination, mixing and processing a thing
11.5. Joint ownership
11.5.1. Types of joint ownership
11.5.2. Rights and obligations of joint owners
11.5.2.1. Disposal of interest
11.5.2.2. Management of a joint thing
11.5.2.3. Usage of a joint thing
11.5.2.3.1. Fruits and burdens related to a joint thing
11.5.3. Termination of joint ownership
11.5.3.1. Procedure for the termination of joint ownership
11.5.3.2. Methods for the termination of joint ownership
11.6. Ownership of units (premises)
11.6.1. Separate ownership of units (premises)
11.6.2. Joint real estate
11.6.3. Establishment of separate ownership of units (premises)
11.6.4. Housing association
11.6.5. Rights and obligations of the owners of residential units
11.6.6. Management of joint real estate
11.7. Protection of ownership
11.7.1. Petitionary protection of ownership
11.7.2. Additional claims
11.7.3. Settlements on account of investments
11.7.4. Claims stemming from erecting a structure on someone else’s land

12. Perpetual usufruct
Katarzyna Ciućkowska Ph.D.

12.1. Historical outline
12.2. Notion and construct
12.3. Object, subjects and content
12.4. Establishment
12.5. Expiration

13. Limited rights in rem – general remarks
Professor of UWM, Adam Bieranowski, Ph.D. Hab.

13.1. Essence and catalogue of limited rights in rem
13.2. Establishment, modification of the content and transfer of limited rights in rem
13.3. Priority of limited rights in rem
13.4. Expiration of limited rights in rem

14. Usufruct
Katarzyna Ciućkowska Ph.D.

14.1. Notion, function, types
14.2. Establishment
14.3. Object and content
14.4. Duties of the parties
14.5. Expiration
14.6. Usufruct by natural persons
14.7. Usufruct by agricultural production cooperatives
14.8. Other instances of usufruct
14.9. Timeshare usufruct

15. Servitudes
Professor of UWM, Adam Bieranowski, Ph.D. Hab.

15.1. Evolution of the concept of servitudes and the dogmatic approach
15.2. Notion and types of servitudes
15.3. Predial servitude
15.3.1. Notion and traits
15.3.2. Content and performance
15.3.3. Establishment
15.3.4. Modification of the content
15.3.5. Subdivision or combination of real estate
15.3.6. Expiration
15.4. Personal servitude – general description
15.5. Servitude of habitation as a special form of a personal servitude
15.6. Transmission servitude

16. Pledge
Anna Kledyńska Ph.D.

16.1. Essence and functions of a pledge
16.2. Scope of security using a pledge
16.3. Pledge types
16.3.1. Ordinary contractual pledge
16.3.2. Registered pledge
16.3.3. Statutory pledge
16.4. Expiration of a pledge

17. Cooperative ownership rights to units (premises)
Anna Kledyńska Ph.D.

17.1. Description of cooperative ownership rights to units (premises)

18. Mortgage
Professor of UWM, Adam Bieranowski, Ph.D. Hab.

18.1. Essence and content of a mortgage
18.2. Principles governing a mortgage
18.3. Object of a mortgage and the scope of a mortgage burden
18.4. Secured accounts receivable and the scope of security
18.5. Establishment of a mortgage
18.5.1. Contractual mortgage
18.5.2. Forced mortgage
18.5.3. Joint mortgage
18.6. Transfer of a mortgage-backed claim
18.7. Mortgage protection
18.8. Satisfaction of a mortgage creditor
18.9. Expiration of a mortgage and disposal of a vacated site subject to a mortgage

19. Possession
Katarzyna Ciućkowska Ph.D.

19.1. Notion and function
19.2. Types
19.3. Joint possession
19.4. Custody
19.5. Acquisition
19.6. Effects and presumption
19.7. Protection

20. Land and mortgage registers
Professor of UWM, Adam Bieranowski, Ph.D. Hab.

20.1. Notion and functions of land and mortgage registers
20.2. System of land and mortgage registers
20.3. Presumptions associated with an entry into a land and mortgage register
20.4. Personal rights and claims
20.5. Statutory public warranty of land and mortgage registers
20.6. Reconciliation of the content of a land and mortgage register with the actual state of law

Bibliography

310 pages, Paperback

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